Cash-on-Cash Return Calculator
Calculate cash-on-cash return for rental investments. Enter price, down payment, closing costs, rent and mortgage to see your ROI.
Measure your real return on invested cashTry: Property price=300000, Down payment=20, Closing costs=3, Monthly rent=2000, Vacancy rate=8, Operating expenses / month=300, Mortgage payment / month=1200
How to Use
Enter the purchase price, your down payment percentage, closing costs percentage, monthly rent, vacancy rate, operating expenses and mortgage. The calculator divides your annual cash flow by total cash invested to show your cash-on-cash return.
This metric tells you how hard your actual dollars are working. A property with a 6% cap rate but only 10% down can deliver a much higher cash-on-cash return because of leverage.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a good cash-on-cash return?
Many investors target 8–12% or higher. However, the minimum acceptable return depends on your alternative investments, risk tolerance, and whether you value appreciation. Some markets deliver lower cash returns but stronger equity growth.
Why is cash-on-cash higher than cap rate?
Leverage. When you put 20% down on a property, you control 100% of the income with only 20% of the price. If the property generates positive cash flow, your return on the invested cash is amplified.
Should I include closing costs in cash invested?
Yes. Closing costs (title, appraisal, origination, recording) are real money you spend to acquire the property. Include them in your total cash invested for an accurate return calculation.
Does cash-on-cash include appreciation?
No. Cash-on-cash measures only the cash income return on your invested capital. For total return, add expected appreciation and principal paydown.
Rental Market Data by State
Real market data across all 50 states. Click each section to expand.
All 50 States — Rent, Vacancy & Tax Overview
| State | Avg Rent | Vacancy | Tax Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $1300 | 9% | 0.40% |
| Alaska | $1500 | 10% | 1.18% |
| Arizona | $1700 | 8% | 0.55% |
| Arkansas | $1100 | 9% | 0.62% |
| California | $2800 | 5% | 0.74% |
| Colorado | $1900 | 6% | 0.49% |
| Connecticut | $1800 | 6% | 1.96% |
| Delaware | $1500 | 7% | 0.43% |
| Florida | $2000 | 8% | 0.80% |
| Georgia | $1600 | 8% | 0.83% |
| Hawaii | $2500 | 6% | 0.27% |
| Idaho | $1400 | 6% | 0.55% |
| Illinois | $1600 | 8% | 1.97% |
| Indiana | $1200 | 8% | 0.85% |
| Iowa | $1100 | 7% | 1.43% |
| Kansas | $1100 | 8% | 1.29% |
| Kentucky | $1200 | 8% | 0.83% |
| Louisiana | $1300 | 9% | 0.51% |
| Maine | $1400 | 7% | 1.09% |
| Maryland | $1900 | 7% | 1.04% |
| Massachusetts | $2300 | 5% | 1.04% |
| Michigan | $1400 | 8% | 1.40% |
| Minnesota | $1500 | 6% | 1.05% |
| Mississippi | $1100 | 9% | 0.79% |
| Missouri | $1200 | 8% | 0.88% |
| Montana | $1300 | 6% | 0.83% |
| Nebraska | $1200 | 7% | 1.54% |
| Nevada | $1600 | 7% | 0.53% |
| New Hampshire | $1700 | 5% | 1.86% |
| New Jersey | $2000 | 6% | 2.13% |
| New Mexico | $1400 | 8% | 0.73% |
| New York | $2200 | 6% | 1.38% |
| North Carolina | $1500 | 8% | 0.75% |
| North Dakota | $1100 | 8% | 0.90% |
| Ohio | $1300 | 8% | 1.41% |
| Oklahoma | $1100 | 9% | 0.85% |
| Oregon | $1700 | 6% | 0.82% |
| Pennsylvania | $1500 | 7% | 1.36% |
| Rhode Island | $1800 | 6% | 1.35% |
| South Carolina | $1400 | 9% | 0.52% |
| South Dakota | $1100 | 8% | 1.14% |
| Tennessee | $1400 | 8% | 0.64% |
| Texas | $1700 | 8% | 1.60% |
| Utah | $1600 | 5% | 0.55% |
| Vermont | $1500 | 6% | 1.59% |
| Virginia | $1800 | 6% | 0.74% |
| Washington | $2000 | 6% | 0.88% |
| West Virginia | $1000 | 9% | 0.53% |
| Wisconsin | $1300 | 7% | 1.68% |
| Wyoming | $1200 | 7% | 0.55% |
High-Rent, High-Yield Markets (4 states)
- California — $2800/mo, 5% vac, 0.74% tax
- Florida — $2000/mo, 8% vac, 0.80% tax
- Hawaii — $2500/mo, 6% vac, 0.27% tax
- Washington — $2000/mo, 6% vac, 0.88% tax
California rental snapshot
| California typical monthly rent | $2800 |
| California vacancy allowance | 5% |
| California average effective property tax rate | 0.74% |
| California down payment on 300000 | $60000 |
| California closing costs on 300000 | $9000 |
| California total cash invested | $69000 |
| California estimated monthly cash flow | $775 |
| California cash on cash return at 300000 | 13.48% |
California cash on cash by home price
| $231100 | 18.46% |
| $294100 | 13.81% |
| $357200 | 10.80% |
| $420200 | 8.70% |
| $483200 | 7.15% |
| $546200 | 5.95% |
| $609300 | 5.00% |
| $672300 | 4.23% |
| $735300 | 3.59% |
California cash on cash by monthly rent
| $1610 | -6.18% |
| $1775 | -3.46% |
| $1940 | -0.73% |
| $2105 | 2.00% |
| $2270 | 4.72% |
| $2435 | 7.45% |
| $2600 | 10.17% |
| $2765 | 12.90% |
| $2930 | 15.63% |
| $3095 | 18.35% |
California example: rent $2800, vacancy 5%, tax 0.74%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $775 is a cash on cash return of 13.48%.
Sun Belt Growth States (8 states)
- Arizona — $1700/mo, 8% vac, 0.55% tax
- Florida — $2000/mo, 8% vac, 0.80% tax
- Georgia — $1600/mo, 8% vac, 0.83% tax
- Nevada — $1600/mo, 7% vac, 0.53% tax
- North Carolina — $1500/mo, 8% vac, 0.75% tax
- South Carolina — $1400/mo, 9% vac, 0.52% tax
- Tennessee — $1400/mo, 8% vac, 0.64% tax
- Texas — $1700/mo, 8% vac, 1.60% tax
Arizona rental snapshot
| Arizona typical monthly rent | $1700 |
| Arizona vacancy allowance | 8% |
| Arizona average effective property tax rate | 0.55% |
| Arizona down payment on 300000 | $60000 |
| Arizona closing costs on 300000 | $9000 |
| Arizona total cash invested | $69000 |
| Arizona estimated monthly cash flow | $-273 |
| Arizona cash on cash return at 300000 | -4.76% |
Arizona cash on cash by home price
| $127400 | -7.96% |
| $162100 | -6.77% |
| $196800 | -6.00% |
| $231600 | -5.46% |
| $266300 | -5.06% |
| $301000 | -4.75% |
| $335800 | -4.50% |
| $370500 | -4.31% |
| $405300 | -4.14% |
Arizona cash on cash by monthly rent
| $1530 | -7.48% |
| $1690 | -4.92% |
| $1845 | -2.44% |
| $2000 | 0.04% |
| $2160 | 2.60% |
| $2315 | 5.08% |
| $2475 | 7.64% |
| $2630 | 10.12% |
| $2790 | 12.68% |
| $2945 | 15.16% |
Arizona example: rent $1700, vacancy 8%, tax 0.55%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $-273 is a cash on cash return of -4.76%.
Midwest Cash-Flow Kings (10 states)
- Illinois — $1600/mo, 8% vac, 1.97% tax
- Indiana — $1200/mo, 8% vac, 0.85% tax
- Iowa — $1100/mo, 7% vac, 1.43% tax
- Kansas — $1100/mo, 8% vac, 1.29% tax
- Michigan — $1400/mo, 8% vac, 1.40% tax
- Minnesota — $1500/mo, 6% vac, 1.05% tax
- Missouri — $1200/mo, 8% vac, 0.88% tax
- Nebraska — $1200/mo, 7% vac, 1.54% tax
- Ohio — $1300/mo, 8% vac, 1.41% tax
- Wisconsin — $1300/mo, 7% vac, 1.68% tax
Illinois rental snapshot
| Illinois typical monthly rent | $1600 |
| Illinois vacancy allowance | 8% |
| Illinois average effective property tax rate | 1.97% |
| Illinois down payment on 300000 | $60000 |
| Illinois closing costs on 300000 | $9000 |
| Illinois total cash invested | $69000 |
| Illinois estimated monthly cash flow | $-720 |
| Illinois cash on cash return at 300000 | -12.53% |
Illinois cash on cash by home price
| $97100 | -20.82% |
| $123500 | -18.20% |
| $150000 | -16.50% |
| $176500 | -15.30% |
| $202900 | -14.43% |
| $229400 | -13.75% |
| $255900 | -13.21% |
| $282300 | -12.78% |
| $308800 | -12.42% |
Illinois cash on cash by monthly rent
| $1685 | -11.17% |
| $1860 | -8.37% |
| $2035 | -5.57% |
| $2205 | -2.85% |
| $2380 | -0.05% |
| $2550 | 2.67% |
| $2725 | 5.47% |
| $2900 | 8.27% |
| $3070 | 10.99% |
| $3245 | 13.79% |
Illinois example: rent $1600, vacancy 8%, tax 1.97%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $-720 is a cash on cash return of -12.53%.
High-Tax, High-Compliance States (14 states)
- Connecticut — $1800/mo, 6% vac, 1.96% tax
- Illinois — $1600/mo, 8% vac, 1.97% tax
- Iowa — $1100/mo, 7% vac, 1.43% tax
- Michigan — $1400/mo, 8% vac, 1.40% tax
- Nebraska — $1200/mo, 7% vac, 1.54% tax
- New Hampshire — $1700/mo, 5% vac, 1.86% tax
- New Jersey — $2000/mo, 6% vac, 2.13% tax
- New York — $2200/mo, 6% vac, 1.38% tax
- Ohio — $1300/mo, 8% vac, 1.41% tax
- Pennsylvania — $1500/mo, 7% vac, 1.36% tax
- Rhode Island — $1800/mo, 6% vac, 1.35% tax
- Texas — $1700/mo, 8% vac, 1.60% tax
- Vermont — $1500/mo, 6% vac, 1.59% tax
- Wisconsin — $1300/mo, 7% vac, 1.68% tax
Connecticut rental snapshot
| Connecticut typical monthly rent | $1800 |
| Connecticut vacancy allowance | 6% |
| Connecticut average effective property tax rate | 1.96% |
| Connecticut down payment on 300000 | $60000 |
| Connecticut closing costs on 300000 | $9000 |
| Connecticut total cash invested | $69000 |
| Connecticut estimated monthly cash flow | $-498 |
| Connecticut cash on cash return at 300000 | -8.66% |
Connecticut cash on cash by home price
| $115400 | -8.88% |
| $146900 | -8.81% |
| $178400 | -8.76% |
| $209800 | -8.72% |
| $241300 | -8.69% |
| $272800 | -8.67% |
| $304300 | -8.66% |
| $335800 | -8.65% |
| $367200 | -8.64% |
Connecticut cash on cash by monthly rent
| $1695 | -10.38% |
| $1870 | -7.52% |
| $2045 | -4.66% |
| $2215 | -1.88% |
| $2390 | 0.98% |
| $2565 | 3.85% |
| $2740 | 6.71% |
| $2910 | 9.49% |
| $3085 | 12.35% |
| $3260 | 15.21% |
Connecticut example: rent $1800, vacancy 6%, tax 1.96%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $-498 is a cash on cash return of -8.66%.
State Landlord Laws — Featured States
Capital a Alabama landlord must leave idle
| Refund deadline after move-out | 35 days |
| Security deposit ceiling | No statutory cap |
| Deposit held per door at typical rent | $1300 |
| Parked across ten doors | $13000 |
| Late fee rule | Must be reasonable (no statutory %) |
| Statute to cite | Ala. Code §35-9A-201 |
That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 35 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1300 locks up $13000 you may not deploy anywhere else.
This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.
What leverage in Alabama does to the money you put in
This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Alabama a recurring 0.40% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Delaware at 0.43%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.
Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Alabama
- Gadsden charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
- Florence has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
- Hoover expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
- Prattville may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.
Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Jefferson County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.
Capital a Alaska landlord must leave idle
| Refund deadline after move-out | 14 days |
| Security deposit ceiling | No statutory cap |
| Deposit held per door at typical rent | $1500 |
| Parked across ten doors | $15000 |
| Late fee rule | Reasonable fees only |
| Statute to cite | AS 34.03.070 |
That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 14 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1500 locks up $15000 you may not deploy anywhere else.
This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the borough recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.
What leverage in Alaska does to the money you put in
This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Alaska a recurring 1.18% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is South Dakota at 1.14%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.
Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Alaska
- Bethel charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
- Soldotna has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
- Homer expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
- Kenai may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.
Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Matanuska-Susitna Borough recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.
Capital a Arizona landlord must leave idle
| Refund deadline after move-out | 14 days |
| Security deposit ceiling | No statutory cap |
| Deposit held per door at typical rent | $1700 |
| Parked across ten doors | $17000 |
| Late fee rule | No statutory limit |
| Statute to cite | Ariz. Rev. Stat. §33-1321 |
That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 14 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1700 locks up $17000 you may not deploy anywhere else.
This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.
What leverage in Arizona does to the money you put in
This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Arizona a recurring 0.55% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Idaho at 0.55%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.
Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Arizona
- Prescott charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
- Flagstaff has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
- Goodyear expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
- Buckeye may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.
Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Maricopa County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.
Capital a Arkansas landlord must leave idle
| Refund deadline after move-out | 30 days |
| Security deposit ceiling | No statutory cap |
| Deposit held per door at typical rent | $1100 |
| Parked across ten doors | $11000 |
| Late fee rule | No statutory limit |
| Statute to cite | Ark. Code Ann. §18-16-101 |
That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 30 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1100 locks up $11000 you may not deploy anywhere else.
This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.
What leverage in Arkansas does to the money you put in
This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Arkansas a recurring 0.62% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Tennessee at 0.64%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.
Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Arkansas
- Searcy charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
- Texarkana has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
- Bryant expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
- Cabot may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.
Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Pulaski County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.
Capital a California landlord must leave idle
| Refund deadline after move-out | 21 days |
| Security deposit ceiling | ≤2 months rent (unfurnished), ≤3 (furnished) |
| Deposit held per door at typical rent | $2800 |
| Parked across ten doors | $28000 |
| Late fee rule | Must be a reasonable estimate of actual costs |
| Statute to cite | Cal. Civ. Code §§1940–1954, 1950.5 |
That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 21 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $2800 locks up $28000 you may not deploy anywhere else.
This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.
What leverage in California does to the money you put in
This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in California a recurring 0.74% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Virginia at 0.74%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.
Settlement and recording desks you will meet in California
- Riverside charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
- Santa Ana has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
- Anaheim expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
- Long Beach may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.
Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Los Angeles County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.
Capital a Colorado landlord must leave idle
| Refund deadline after move-out | 30 days |
| Security deposit ceiling | No statutory cap |
| Deposit held per door at typical rent | $1900 |
| Parked across ten doors | $19000 |
| Late fee rule | Must be reasonable |
| Statute to cite | C.R.S. §38-12-101 |
That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 30 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1900 locks up $19000 you may not deploy anywhere else.
This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.
What leverage in Colorado does to the money you put in
This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Colorado a recurring 0.49% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Louisiana at 0.51%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.
Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Colorado
- Centennial charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
- Broomfield has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
- Thornton expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
- Greeley may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.
Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Jefferson County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.
Top 20 Cities for Rental Investors
| City | Avg Rent | State |
|---|---|---|
| New York | $3500 | NY |
| Los Angeles | $2800 | CA |
| Chicago | $2000 | IL |
| Houston | $1700 | TX |
| Phoenix | $1800 | AZ |
| Philadelphia | $1900 | PA |
| San Antonio | $1600 | TX |
| San Diego | $2900 | CA |
| Austin | $2000 | TX |
| Dallas | $1800 | TX |
| Jacksonville | $1600 | FL |
| Fort Worth | $1700 | TX |
| Columbus | $1500 | OH |
| Charlotte | $1700 | NC |
| Indianapolis | $1500 | IN |
| Seattle | $2400 | WA |
| Denver | $2100 | CO |
| Nashville | $1800 | TN |
| Boston | $3000 | MA |
| Las Vegas | $1700 | NV |