RentCalc

Cash-on-Cash Return Calculator

Calculate cash-on-cash return for rental investments. Enter price, down payment, closing costs, rent and mortgage to see your ROI.

Measure your real return on invested cash
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Try: Property price=300000, Down payment=20, Closing costs=3, Monthly rent=2000, Vacancy rate=8, Operating expenses / month=300, Mortgage payment / month=1200

How to Use

Enter the purchase price, your down payment percentage, closing costs percentage, monthly rent, vacancy rate, operating expenses and mortgage. The calculator divides your annual cash flow by total cash invested to show your cash-on-cash return.

This metric tells you how hard your actual dollars are working. A property with a 6% cap rate but only 10% down can deliver a much higher cash-on-cash return because of leverage.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a good cash-on-cash return?

Many investors target 8–12% or higher. However, the minimum acceptable return depends on your alternative investments, risk tolerance, and whether you value appreciation. Some markets deliver lower cash returns but stronger equity growth.

Why is cash-on-cash higher than cap rate?

Leverage. When you put 20% down on a property, you control 100% of the income with only 20% of the price. If the property generates positive cash flow, your return on the invested cash is amplified.

Should I include closing costs in cash invested?

Yes. Closing costs (title, appraisal, origination, recording) are real money you spend to acquire the property. Include them in your total cash invested for an accurate return calculation.

Does cash-on-cash include appreciation?

No. Cash-on-cash measures only the cash income return on your invested capital. For total return, add expected appreciation and principal paydown.

Rental Market Data by State

Real market data across all 50 states. Click each section to expand.

All 50 States — Rent, Vacancy & Tax Overview
StateAvg RentVacancyTax Rate
Alabama$13009%0.40%
Alaska$150010%1.18%
Arizona$17008%0.55%
Arkansas$11009%0.62%
California$28005%0.74%
Colorado$19006%0.49%
Connecticut$18006%1.96%
Delaware$15007%0.43%
Florida$20008%0.80%
Georgia$16008%0.83%
Hawaii$25006%0.27%
Idaho$14006%0.55%
Illinois$16008%1.97%
Indiana$12008%0.85%
Iowa$11007%1.43%
Kansas$11008%1.29%
Kentucky$12008%0.83%
Louisiana$13009%0.51%
Maine$14007%1.09%
Maryland$19007%1.04%
Massachusetts$23005%1.04%
Michigan$14008%1.40%
Minnesota$15006%1.05%
Mississippi$11009%0.79%
Missouri$12008%0.88%
Montana$13006%0.83%
Nebraska$12007%1.54%
Nevada$16007%0.53%
New Hampshire$17005%1.86%
New Jersey$20006%2.13%
New Mexico$14008%0.73%
New York$22006%1.38%
North Carolina$15008%0.75%
North Dakota$11008%0.90%
Ohio$13008%1.41%
Oklahoma$11009%0.85%
Oregon$17006%0.82%
Pennsylvania$15007%1.36%
Rhode Island$18006%1.35%
South Carolina$14009%0.52%
South Dakota$11008%1.14%
Tennessee$14008%0.64%
Texas$17008%1.60%
Utah$16005%0.55%
Vermont$15006%1.59%
Virginia$18006%0.74%
Washington$20006%0.88%
West Virginia$10009%0.53%
Wisconsin$13007%1.68%
Wyoming$12007%0.55%
High-Rent, High-Yield Markets (4 states)
  • California — $2800/mo, 5% vac, 0.74% tax
  • Florida — $2000/mo, 8% vac, 0.80% tax
  • Hawaii — $2500/mo, 6% vac, 0.27% tax
  • Washington — $2000/mo, 6% vac, 0.88% tax

California rental snapshot

California typical monthly rent$2800
California vacancy allowance5%
California average effective property tax rate0.74%
California down payment on 300000$60000
California closing costs on 300000$9000
California total cash invested$69000
California estimated monthly cash flow$775
California cash on cash return at 30000013.48%

California cash on cash by home price

$23110018.46%
$29410013.81%
$35720010.80%
$4202008.70%
$4832007.15%
$5462005.95%
$6093005.00%
$6723004.23%
$7353003.59%

California cash on cash by monthly rent

$1610-6.18%
$1775-3.46%
$1940-0.73%
$21052.00%
$22704.72%
$24357.45%
$260010.17%
$276512.90%
$293015.63%
$309518.35%

California example: rent $2800, vacancy 5%, tax 0.74%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $775 is a cash on cash return of 13.48%.

Sun Belt Growth States (8 states)
  • Arizona — $1700/mo, 8% vac, 0.55% tax
  • Florida — $2000/mo, 8% vac, 0.80% tax
  • Georgia — $1600/mo, 8% vac, 0.83% tax
  • Nevada — $1600/mo, 7% vac, 0.53% tax
  • North Carolina — $1500/mo, 8% vac, 0.75% tax
  • South Carolina — $1400/mo, 9% vac, 0.52% tax
  • Tennessee — $1400/mo, 8% vac, 0.64% tax
  • Texas — $1700/mo, 8% vac, 1.60% tax

Arizona rental snapshot

Arizona typical monthly rent$1700
Arizona vacancy allowance8%
Arizona average effective property tax rate0.55%
Arizona down payment on 300000$60000
Arizona closing costs on 300000$9000
Arizona total cash invested$69000
Arizona estimated monthly cash flow$-273
Arizona cash on cash return at 300000-4.76%

Arizona cash on cash by home price

$127400-7.96%
$162100-6.77%
$196800-6.00%
$231600-5.46%
$266300-5.06%
$301000-4.75%
$335800-4.50%
$370500-4.31%
$405300-4.14%

Arizona cash on cash by monthly rent

$1530-7.48%
$1690-4.92%
$1845-2.44%
$20000.04%
$21602.60%
$23155.08%
$24757.64%
$263010.12%
$279012.68%
$294515.16%

Arizona example: rent $1700, vacancy 8%, tax 0.55%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $-273 is a cash on cash return of -4.76%.

Midwest Cash-Flow Kings (10 states)
  • Illinois — $1600/mo, 8% vac, 1.97% tax
  • Indiana — $1200/mo, 8% vac, 0.85% tax
  • Iowa — $1100/mo, 7% vac, 1.43% tax
  • Kansas — $1100/mo, 8% vac, 1.29% tax
  • Michigan — $1400/mo, 8% vac, 1.40% tax
  • Minnesota — $1500/mo, 6% vac, 1.05% tax
  • Missouri — $1200/mo, 8% vac, 0.88% tax
  • Nebraska — $1200/mo, 7% vac, 1.54% tax
  • Ohio — $1300/mo, 8% vac, 1.41% tax
  • Wisconsin — $1300/mo, 7% vac, 1.68% tax

Illinois rental snapshot

Illinois typical monthly rent$1600
Illinois vacancy allowance8%
Illinois average effective property tax rate1.97%
Illinois down payment on 300000$60000
Illinois closing costs on 300000$9000
Illinois total cash invested$69000
Illinois estimated monthly cash flow$-720
Illinois cash on cash return at 300000-12.53%

Illinois cash on cash by home price

$97100-20.82%
$123500-18.20%
$150000-16.50%
$176500-15.30%
$202900-14.43%
$229400-13.75%
$255900-13.21%
$282300-12.78%
$308800-12.42%

Illinois cash on cash by monthly rent

$1685-11.17%
$1860-8.37%
$2035-5.57%
$2205-2.85%
$2380-0.05%
$25502.67%
$27255.47%
$29008.27%
$307010.99%
$324513.79%

Illinois example: rent $1600, vacancy 8%, tax 1.97%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $-720 is a cash on cash return of -12.53%.

High-Tax, High-Compliance States (14 states)
  • Connecticut — $1800/mo, 6% vac, 1.96% tax
  • Illinois — $1600/mo, 8% vac, 1.97% tax
  • Iowa — $1100/mo, 7% vac, 1.43% tax
  • Michigan — $1400/mo, 8% vac, 1.40% tax
  • Nebraska — $1200/mo, 7% vac, 1.54% tax
  • New Hampshire — $1700/mo, 5% vac, 1.86% tax
  • New Jersey — $2000/mo, 6% vac, 2.13% tax
  • New York — $2200/mo, 6% vac, 1.38% tax
  • Ohio — $1300/mo, 8% vac, 1.41% tax
  • Pennsylvania — $1500/mo, 7% vac, 1.36% tax
  • Rhode Island — $1800/mo, 6% vac, 1.35% tax
  • Texas — $1700/mo, 8% vac, 1.60% tax
  • Vermont — $1500/mo, 6% vac, 1.59% tax
  • Wisconsin — $1300/mo, 7% vac, 1.68% tax

Connecticut rental snapshot

Connecticut typical monthly rent$1800
Connecticut vacancy allowance6%
Connecticut average effective property tax rate1.96%
Connecticut down payment on 300000$60000
Connecticut closing costs on 300000$9000
Connecticut total cash invested$69000
Connecticut estimated monthly cash flow$-498
Connecticut cash on cash return at 300000-8.66%

Connecticut cash on cash by home price

$115400-8.88%
$146900-8.81%
$178400-8.76%
$209800-8.72%
$241300-8.69%
$272800-8.67%
$304300-8.66%
$335800-8.65%
$367200-8.64%

Connecticut cash on cash by monthly rent

$1695-10.38%
$1870-7.52%
$2045-4.66%
$2215-1.88%
$23900.98%
$25653.85%
$27406.71%
$29109.49%
$308512.35%
$326015.21%

Connecticut example: rent $1800, vacancy 6%, tax 1.96%. With $69000 cash in, monthly cash flow $-498 is a cash on cash return of -8.66%.

State Landlord Laws — Featured States

Capital a Alabama landlord must leave idle

Refund deadline after move-out35 days
Security deposit ceilingNo statutory cap
Deposit held per door at typical rent$1300
Parked across ten doors$13000
Late fee ruleMust be reasonable (no statutory %)
Statute to citeAla. Code §35-9A-201

That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 35 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1300 locks up $13000 you may not deploy anywhere else.

This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.

What leverage in Alabama does to the money you put in

This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Alabama a recurring 0.40% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Delaware at 0.43%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.

Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Alabama

  • Gadsden charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
  • Florence has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
  • Hoover expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
  • Prattville may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.

Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Jefferson County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.

Capital a Alaska landlord must leave idle

Refund deadline after move-out14 days
Security deposit ceilingNo statutory cap
Deposit held per door at typical rent$1500
Parked across ten doors$15000
Late fee ruleReasonable fees only
Statute to citeAS 34.03.070

That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 14 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1500 locks up $15000 you may not deploy anywhere else.

This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the borough recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.

What leverage in Alaska does to the money you put in

This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Alaska a recurring 1.18% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is South Dakota at 1.14%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.

Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Alaska

  • Bethel charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
  • Soldotna has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
  • Homer expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
  • Kenai may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.

Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Matanuska-Susitna Borough recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.

Capital a Arizona landlord must leave idle

Refund deadline after move-out14 days
Security deposit ceilingNo statutory cap
Deposit held per door at typical rent$1700
Parked across ten doors$17000
Late fee ruleNo statutory limit
Statute to citeAriz. Rev. Stat. §33-1321

That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 14 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1700 locks up $17000 you may not deploy anywhere else.

This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.

What leverage in Arizona does to the money you put in

This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Arizona a recurring 0.55% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Idaho at 0.55%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.

Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Arizona

  • Prescott charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
  • Flagstaff has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
  • Goodyear expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
  • Buckeye may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.

Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Maricopa County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.

Capital a Arkansas landlord must leave idle

Refund deadline after move-out30 days
Security deposit ceilingNo statutory cap
Deposit held per door at typical rent$1100
Parked across ten doors$11000
Late fee ruleNo statutory limit
Statute to citeArk. Code Ann. §18-16-101

That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 30 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1100 locks up $11000 you may not deploy anywhere else.

This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.

What leverage in Arkansas does to the money you put in

This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Arkansas a recurring 0.62% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Tennessee at 0.64%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.

Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Arkansas

  • Searcy charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
  • Texarkana has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
  • Bryant expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
  • Cabot may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.

Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Pulaski County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.

Capital a California landlord must leave idle

Refund deadline after move-out21 days
Security deposit ceiling≤2 months rent (unfurnished), ≤3 (furnished)
Deposit held per door at typical rent$2800
Parked across ten doors$28000
Late fee ruleMust be a reasonable estimate of actual costs
Statute to citeCal. Civ. Code §§1940–1954, 1950.5

That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 21 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $2800 locks up $28000 you may not deploy anywhere else.

This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.

What leverage in California does to the money you put in

This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in California a recurring 0.74% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Virginia at 0.74%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.

Settlement and recording desks you will meet in California

  • Riverside charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
  • Santa Ana has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
  • Anaheim expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
  • Long Beach may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.

Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Los Angeles County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.

Capital a Colorado landlord must leave idle

Refund deadline after move-out30 days
Security deposit ceilingNo statutory cap
Deposit held per door at typical rent$1900
Parked across ten doors$19000
Late fee ruleMust be reasonable
Statute to citeC.R.S. §38-12-101

That deposit is never yours. You hold it, you hand it back within 30 days of move-out, and until then it sits outside the return being measured. Ten doors at the typical local rent of $1900 locks up $19000 you may not deploy anywhere else.

This ratio divides by money you genuinely wrote a cheque for, so every dollar the county recorder, the settlement table or the deposit ledger freezes drags the denominator upward.

What leverage in Colorado does to the money you put in

This ratio is odd because it rewards borrowing: the smaller the cheque, the larger the percentage on the same building. Down payment plus settlement costs form the denominator, while in Colorado a recurring 0.49% tax bill keeps eating the numerator long after closing day. The nearest neighbour on tax weight is Louisiana at 0.51%, so between those two the tax line will not separate them and rent will.

Settlement and recording desks you will meet in Colorado

  • Centennial charges its own recording and transfer costs at settlement — cash in, straight into the denominator.
  • Broomfield has title work priced locally, so quote it before you assume the standard three percent holds.
  • Thornton expects prorated tax at closing, which quietly enlarges the cheque you actually write.
  • Greeley may add municipal fees on transfer; confirm them with the settlement agent, not the listing sheet.

Down payment and settlement assumptions here are illustrative. Ask the Jefferson County recorder and your title agent for a real figure before relying on the percentage.

Top 20 Cities for Rental Investors
CityAvg RentState
New York$3500NY
Los Angeles$2800CA
Chicago$2000IL
Houston$1700TX
Phoenix$1800AZ
Philadelphia$1900PA
San Antonio$1600TX
San Diego$2900CA
Austin$2000TX
Dallas$1800TX
Jacksonville$1600FL
Fort Worth$1700TX
Columbus$1500OH
Charlotte$1700NC
Indianapolis$1500IN
Seattle$2400WA
Denver$2100CO
Nashville$1800TN
Boston$3000MA
Las Vegas$1700NV